Source of the summary

Lec 9.pdf

1. Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

• Definition: A metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose) due to insulin deficiency or insulin receptor defects.
• Types:
  1. Type 1 (IDDM):
     • Insulin-dependent, juvenile onset.
     • 5–10% of cases; caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
     • Managed with exogenous insulin.
  2. Type 2 (NIDDM):
     • Non-insulin-dependent, adult onset.
     • 90–95% of cases; linked to obesity and insulin resistance.
     • Managed with diet, oral hypoglycemics, and weight control.
  3. Gestational Diabetes: Occurs during pregnancy.

2. Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes

• The "Three Ps":
  • Polyuria (frequent urination).
  • Polydipsia (excessive thirst).
  • Polyphagia (increased hunger).
• Additional Symptoms:
  • Fatigue
  • sudden weight loss
  • blurred vision
  • slow-healing wounds
  • recurrent infections
  • tingling/numbness in extremities.

3. Blood Glucose Tests

1. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS):
   • Normal: 70–110 mg/dL (after 8–12 hours of fasting).
2. Random Blood Sugar (RBS):
   • Normal: <140 mg/dL.

4. Diabetes Emergencies

A. Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)

• Definition: Blood glucose < 45 mg/dL; also called insulin shock.
• Causes:
  • Excess insulin/medication, missed meals, excessive exercise, or alcohol.
• Symptoms:
  • Autonomic symptoms: Sweating, tremors, palpitations, hunger.
  • Neuroglycopenic symptoms: Confusion, seizures, coma.